Статьи

Psychiatric care has undergone several cycles of profound changes in the past centuries all over the world. In Hungary, community-based outpatient care has been showing signs of evolution since the 1950s. Initially, the system centered on assertive outreach and family involvement, especially for those with serious mental health problems. Such services remain available throughout the country, but the emphasis in the past decades has shifted towards mass care provision.
In many places, community-based services are no longer provided, and where they are the approach is biomedical and less asuming of recovery. In other centers, the services provided are conceived with the eventuality of rehabilitation in mind and in close cooperation with community-based care providers.
Community-based services providers, as part of the social fabric, offer as many psychiatric and rehabilitation services as possible for those with mental disorders within their communities. The main objective of community-based care is to achieve community re-integration and recovery from mental disorders. Today in Hungary, deinstitutionalisation
and the introduction of community-based psychiatric care have been adopted even by large inpatient institutions.
The replacement of institutional bed space and the provision of subsidised housing further underscore the importance of community-based psychiatric care provision. There is the opinion that, as a further course of development, the emphasis needs to now shift towards the nurturing of a community of experienced experts and creastion of user-led programs. In this new paradigm, the ability of a person with a mental disorder to make decisions and the bolstering
of that ability are seen as vital. In order to achieve these objectives, it is essential that health and social seervices professionals cooperate. Hands-on experience is key in the provision and development of such services.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is a condition characterized by episodic bursts of vomiting and abdominal pain linked to cannabis use. The clinical picture mimics an acute abdomen and is often misdiagnosed, especially when the patient avoids reporting their cannabis use for legal reasons.

CASE REPORT: We report on the case of a 33-year-old man that was brought to the emergency room with a history of 3 days of non-bloody, non-projectile, and non-bilious brownish vomit, coupled with severe epigastric and left hypochondriac pain, and a slight fever. He was a daily cannabis user for several years and had stopped using a week or so before the onset of the symptoms, as he was traveling to a country with more restrictive cannabis laws. His condition deteriorated rapidly, followed by emergency room attendance, thorough diagnostic work-up, and unsuccessful interventions, including intravenous treatment with the anti-emetic Ondansetron. The patient was referred to a psychiatrist after a suspected psychogenic etiology by the medical team. The history was suggestive of CHS and also included anxious, depressed
mood with ‘brain fog’. The abdominal pain was the most severe complaint. A combination of tramadol, promethazine, and mirtazapine given on an outpatient basis led to full recovery within 10 days.

CONCLUSION: CHS can occur soon after the interruption of chronic cannabis use and overlap with withdrawal symptom. A combination of anti-histaminergic, opioid-based medication, and antidepressant mirtazapine seemed an effective treatment of CHS, which resulted in a relatively quick recovery.

В статье предлагается использовать скрытые марковские модели для описания курса доллара. Скрытая цепь Маркова описывает свойства исходного ряда: возрастание, убывание или совпадение соседних членов ряда. Для курса доллара выявлено зависимость свойств от дня недели, поэтому цепь состояний описывается семью стохастическими матрицами. Проверка по критерию хи-квадрат подтвердила адекватность предложенной модели смены состояний. Каждое состояние марковской цепи для курса доллара приводит положительному, отрицательному или нулевому приращению. Значимой стохастической связи членами ряда приращений не выявлено. Математическое ожидание и дисперсия ряда приращений существенно изменяются для разных моментов времени, однако, для некоторых периодов времени приращения можно считать одинаково распределенными. Для таких периодов и при условии независимости приращений ряда получены формулы для вычисления прогноза и доверительного интервала. Предложенная модель может применяться для исследования других рядов наблюдений.

Настоящий текст - отрывок будущей большой работы под условным названием «Третья четверть века: расцвет и увядание новой музыки». Работа мыслится как широкая панорама музыки и музыкальной жизни третьей четверти XX века - эпохи, в высшей степени насыщенной событиями и до некоторой степени итоговой для музыки западной цивилизации. Одна из ее частей будет построена как ряд исследовательских очерков (case studies), посвященных музыке, музыкальной жизни и культурной политике стран, наиболее «продуктивных» в музыкальном отношении.

В настоящем номере публикуется первая половина раздела о США. В ней рассматривается часть обширного спектра тенденций и течений, определивших облик американской музыки рассматривамеого периода: от «американизма» и запоздалого романтизма в лице таких мастеров, как А. Копленд, С. Барбер, Дж. Менотти, Н. Рорем и некоторые другие, до творчества «трудных» «университетских композиторов», тяготевших к серийной технике, - Р. Сешнза, М. Бэббитта и их последователей; далее следуют сравнительно развернутые очерки об Э. Картере, Дж. Рокберге и Дж. Краме. Творческие достижения самых значительных композиторов рассматриваются и характеризуются в контексте современных им социально- культурных реалий. Текст снабжен нотными иллюстрациями и ссылками на аудио- и видеозаписи произведений, имеющих ключевое значение для творчества соответствующих композиторов. Вторая часть раздела о США будет опубликована в следующем выпуске журнала ИМТИ.

Tax aggressiveness is an effort that companies can undertake to save on tax payments. One of the factors driving why tax aggressiveness is pursued is the presence of CEO. This study emphasizes the characteristics of CEO. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of CEO characteristics on tax aggressiveness based on the upper echelon’s theory perspective. CEO characteristics are divided into CEO tenure, educational background, and gender. CEO tenure in this study is proxied by how long someone has held the position of CEO, while educational background and gender are proxied using dummy variables. The choice of profitability is because profit is used as the main basis in tax calculation. The sampling technique used was
purposive sampling, with an observation period of 2019–2022 in the seventy family firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The data used is panel data and analyzed employing the EViews program. The model estimation tests feasible to use was the fixed effect model (FEM). The regression results show that CEO tenure, educational background, and gender partially and simultaneously affected tax aggressiveness. The study results generally indicate that family-owned companies tend to utilize more tax aggressiveness. At the same time, the level of education of the general director has a negative effect on tax aggressiveness, i.e. the higher the level of education, the less tax aggressiveness. The gender asymmetry is that women as
family business leaders demonstrate greater tax aggressiveness than male leaders. Therefore, the benefit of this research from the government’s perspective is to formulate policies to reduce efforts of tax aggressiveness, especially for companies predominantly owned by families.

Введение. Обнаружители с постоянным уровнем ложной тревоги (CFAR-обнаружители) нашли применение в радиолокаторах с синтезированной апертурой. Принцип работы классического CA-CFAR-обнаружителя основан на сравнении решающей статистики в тестируемом элементе разрешения с адаптивным порогом, который вычисляется по сигналам в контрольных элементах. В качестве решающей статистки используется оценка мощности сигнала, поэтому обнаружение сигнала цели основано на яркостном контрасте тестируемого и контрольных элементов разрешения. Такой обнаружитель является оптимальным, если помеховый фон однороден. При нарушении однородности фона качество обнаружения снижается. Известны несколько способов улучшения качества обнаружения (GO-CFAR, SO-CFAR, OS-CFAR и др.). Однако сам принцип обнаружения по яркостному контрасту в таких CFAR-обнаружителях остается неизменным.

Цель работы. Синтезировать CFAR-обнаружитель, который использует для обнаружения не только яркостный контраст между тестируемым и контрольными элементами разрешения, но и спектральные отличия сигналов.

Материалы и методы. В предлагаемом CFAR-обнаружителе используются оценки алгебраических моментов спектральной плотности мощности сигналов в элементах разрешения по дальности, на основе которых вычисляются 3 решающие статистики, содержащие информацию о мощности, положении энергетического центра и ширине спектра сигнала . Решение о присутствии цели в тестируемом элементе разрешения осуществляется по правилу “2/3” (2 превышения порога из трех проверок).

Результаты. Сравнение предлагаемого обнаружителя с SO-CFAR-обнаружителем с помощью компьютерного моделирования показало, что при отношении сигнал/помеха -6 дБ и вероятности ложной тревоги 10-4 вероятность правильного обнаружения предлагаемого обнаружителя составляет 0.933 против 0.708 у SO-CFAR-обнаружителя.

Заключение. Предложен трехпараметрический CFAR-обнаружитель цели для радиолокатора с синтезированной апертурой, в котором решение о присутствии цели принимается на основе оценки трех алгебраических моментов сп

Проведено сравнение образцов аморфного кремнезема и алюмосиликата натрия, по-
лученных из отходов производства риса (шелухи и соломы) и надземной части хвощей
(полевого и зимующего), с реактивом диоксида кремния и коммерческими образцами
кремнийсодержащих энтеросорбентов по ряду физико-химических показателей.

Установлено фазовое состояние образцов (аморфное и аморфно-кристаллическое), описаны их ИК-спектры поглощения в области 400–4000 см-1, найдены значения насыпной плотности (от 28 до 631 кг/м3), рН водной вытяжки (от 5,6 до 9,6) и содержания водорастворимых веществ (от 7 до 35 %).

Определена адсорбционная активность всех исследованных образцов по метиленовому синему в нейтральной среде (3–264 мг/г), а для энтеросорбентов и алюмосиликата натрия из соломы риса – в среде желудка (рН 2) и двенадцатиперстной кишки (рН 7,5). Показано, что адсорбционная активность кремнийсодержащих сорбентов из растительного сырья сопоставима с коммерческими энтеросорбентами.

A computer vision based real-time object detection on low-power devices is economically attractive, yet a technically challenging task. The paper presents results of benchmarks on popular deep neural network models, which are often used for this task. The results of experiments provide insights into trade-offs between accuracy, speed, and computational efficiency of MobileNetV2 SSD, CenterNet MobileNetV2 FPN, EfficientDet, YoloV5, YoloV7, YoloV7 Tiny and YoloV8 neural network models on Raspberry Pi 4B, Raspberry Pi 3B and NVIDIA Jetson Nano with TensorFlow Lite. We fine-tuned the models on our custom dataset prior to benchmarking and used post-training quantization (PTQ) and quantization-aware training (QAT) to optimize the models’ size and speed. The experiments demonstrated that an appropriate algorithm selection depends on task requirements. We recommend EfficientDet Lite 512×512 quantized or YoloV7 Tiny for tasks that require around 2 FPS, EfficientDet Lite 320×320 quantized or SSD Mobilenet V2 320×320 for tasks with over 10 FPS, and EfficientDet Lite 320×320 or YoloV5 320×320 with QAT for tasks with intermediate FPS requirements.

This paper proposes a version of the brain mechanism for emergence and formation of perceptual and mental images. The initial event of perceptual image emergence is the result of interaction on thalamic relay neurons between chaotic sensory impulse flow and also impulse flow organized in trains and coming from reticular structures. The subsequent step is the formation of a metastable dynamic association of excited allocortex columns. The role played by the functional association of allocortex columns and the intrafusal muscular reception in the activation of distributed brain systems and in the formation of a perceptual image is considered. This image is seen as a meta-stable state of synergistic processes in neuromuscular structures. The rationale for the imperceivableness of a perceptual image is given. It is assumed that a mental image is based on the perceived effects of Newtonian forces caused by muscle contractions. Properties of perceptual and mental images, their difference and conjugacy, and also the role of a mental image in interaction with conscious images are discussed.

The paper deals with the philosophical and methodological aspects of the geosystems, or geographical systems, doctrine evolution. Attention is drawn to undesirable tendencies in this evolution, manifested in giving some aspects of the doctrine the appearance of fundamental principles. It shows general scientific dialectic base of the classical variant of the geosystem doctrine as it was developed by its founder academician V. B. Sochava. It emphasizes the inconsistency of particular principles of the doctrine on geosystems as a metascientific paradigm developed later and being developed at present, the relative fundamentality and viability of the classical and widely interpreted, “imperfect” concepts, allowing to operate them in a wide range of aspects of geographical (and not only) knowledge, in particular, using the example of the geosystem doctrine.

The COVID-19 virus has claimed thousands of lives and created a global economic and social crisis.
The aim of the paper is to draw attention to the control of virus-human interactions. The following objectives are formulated. 1. To suppress (minimise) the virus activity in a human body. 2. To prevent (minimise) viral spreading while maximising economic growth. 3. Use of consciousness (dynamic stereotypes) to build protective skills against viruses, to enhance immunity and to use viruses for human benefit. 4. Statement of the problem on coexistence of a virus (biosphere) and a human. Analysis of these tasks made it possible to formulate possible solutions and to discuss implementation mechanisms: acquired and inborn skill bases, self-learning and self-organization methods and practice of conscious stereotype creation. Some of these possibilities are discussed in this paper.
The authors have developed and successfully use individual therapy based on self-regulation and the central organisation of autonomic functions. They have investigated the formation of stereotypes and dominants in animal experiments and in clinical treatment.
The main conclusion is that today the dominant focus of people’s consciousness is on the social problems of society. The inner sphere has virtually no place in people’s consciousness. It is necessary to reorient the dominant of our consciousness towards solving the problems of the internal sphere of human body in order to keep the balance. In particular, this concerns human interaction with COVID-19.

The structure of a virus and its interaction with cells is considered from the standpoint of systems theory for the first time. The substantiation of attributing the virus to a complex system and a living organism is given. The natural process of interaction between complex systems that are higher in the hierarchy than a virus is carried out through the exchange of information embedded in their code. The general mechanism of interaction between living complex systems is predicted by exchanging the systems that are on a lower hierarchy level. The regularity of changes not only in organisms and cells, but also in viruses during their interactions and mutations is substantiated on the basis of the laws of systems theory.