Научный архив: статьи

Introduction/purpose: Rockets with high-explosive (HE) warheads are the most numerous type used for multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS). They are used for a wide range of combat tasks. Besides other design characteristics, the effect on the target depends on the position where detonation is initiated in their explosive charge. The study analyses the fragmentation effects of steel balls from the 128 mm M77 HE warhead with the standard point-detonating (PD) fuze and with a differently positioned detonating assembly.

Methods: The study uses a simple numerical model for the assessment of the fragmentation effect, which requires modest resources. A numerical model of the fragmentation effect was used with Gurney’s model of explosive propulsion and Taylor’s and Shapiro’s method for the direction of the fragment velocity vector. The penetration ability of projected steel balls through hard homogenous steel was analysed using the Project Thor analytical model of kinetic energy projectile penetration.

Results: The results indicate that a change in the position of the initiation point can improve the fragmentation effect of steel balls. The most significant improvement is increased fragment dispersion, causing much larger fragment impact zones. A modest increase in the fragment velocity is observed as well, mainly because the direction of the fragment velocity vector is changed. Also, the penetration ability of both types of steel balls at distances up to 50 m is sufficient for the anti-personnel role, while larger steel balls have anti-material capabilities as well.

Conclusion: Changing the fuze on high-explosive warheads in order to change the position of the initiation point can be used to improve the fragmentation effect.

Introduction/purpose: This study investigates the influence of contour numbers surrounding the crack tip on stress intensity factors (SIFs) using the Propagation Finite Element Method Crack Tip Stress Intensity Factor (PFEMCT-SIF) approach. It also compares the maximum circumferential stress criterion (MCSC) and the Richard criterion for crack propagation prediction.

Methods: A finite element code written in Visual Fortran was developed to model crack tips with 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 contours using 4-node quadratic CPE4 elements. Abaqus software was utilized to calculate SIFs and crack orientation angles. Horizontal and inclined cracks were analyzed in a steel plate under tensile loading. The results were validated against analytical solutions and previous numerical studies.

Results: The 10-contour model showed the best agreement with analytical SIF values. Increasing contour numbers improved SIF accuracy for horizontal cracks, but excessive refinement led to divergence for inclined cracks. The MCSC and the Richard criterion produced comparable crack trajectories, with the MCSC demonstrating slightly higher precision.

Conclusions: The PFEMCT-SIF method effectively evaluates SIFs and predicts crack propagation paths. A 10-contour crack tip model balances accuracy and computational efficiency. The study highlights the importance of optimizing crack tip mesh refinement in fracture mechanics simulations.

Молекулярно-генетическое профилирование солидных опухолей методом секвенирования нового поколения (next generation sequencing, NGS) широко применяется для подбора терапии таргетными препаратами. В тоже время, за редкими исключениями, NGS не показал себя как надежный инструмент для дифференциальной диагностики заболеваний. Однако некоторые типы опухолей имеют характерные соматические мутации, и их выявление может послужить поводом для уточнения диагноза с применением стандартных методов. Примером таких мутаций являются специфические нарушения в гене EGFR, встречающиеся исключительно при раке легкого. В описывае‑ мом клиническом случае у пациентки был установлен диагноз аденокарцинома кожи. Молекулярно-генетическое профилирование выявило делецию в экзоне 19 гена EGFR, что послужило поводом для проведения дополнитель‑ ных гистологических исследований и пересмотра диагноза в пользу аденокарциномы легкого; это демонстрирует возможность использования результатов молекулярного профилирования в качестве вспомогательного метода дифференцировки подтипов рака.

A new method for the correct identification of various complex structural elements of ancient hieroglyphs is described. The method is based on photometry of the studied surface of the ancient artifacts. The obtained data are converted into digital form in order to determine the characteristics and parameters characterizing the properties of the investigated artifact surface. Digitized data is processed in various graphic applications, including those working with vector images. Several control experiments were also carried out. In particular, the corresponding statistical characteristics and parameters of the studied artifact surface profiles were determined. The data obtained made it possible to unambiguously detect the ancient hieroglyphs on the artifact surface and determine their number. Described method of studying ancient artifacts makes it possible to obtain sufficiently reliable results that will undoubtedly be useful and promising in the study of ancient hieroglyphic signs. Our research method is characterized as: non-contact, informative, and sensitive. This testifies to its importance and prospects in the study of similar ancient artifacts.

The ongoing digital transformation provides an infrastructural basis for multi-level networking. The United States and China as the leaders in designing long-term social and economic development strategies pay serious attention to technological sovereignty and sustainable interaction between the corporate and public sectors that are impossible without reliable digital infrastructure. Digital platforms have become its most important component, creating prerequisites for the formation and development of various network structures. The paper discusses the subordinate effects resulting from the development of digital platforms as part of digitalization. Today, global value chains are being transformed, changing the global reproduction system; the reproduction process is also influenced by digital transformation; technological development and innovations bring new opportunities and transform all aspects of socioeconomic interaction. The methodological basis of the study is constituted by the system approach, comparative analysis and statistical methods. The paper examines the prospects of digital platforms in the PRC both for the national economy and international cooperation and proposes guidelines on their strategic development. It describes the specific features of financing their formation and systematizes the characteristics of networking in the sphere of e-commerce, cloud services and investment cooperation. Addressing the social aspect of using digital platforms, the study emphasizes the importance of social monitoring and migration controls that give the country a competitive advantage in developing and testing the technologies involved. It also shows that platform employment and digital poverty create multidirectional trends affecting the country’s economic development.

Relevance. The well-being of citizens is a key focus of national policies worldwide. Kazakhstan, however, is characterized by significant regional disparities in social well-being, which necessitates targeted programs and investments to improve conditions in less developed areas. Research Objective. This study aims to develop a national adaptive social well-being index to evaluate and spatially map the regions of Kazakhstan. Data and Methods. The methodology included identifying indicators through a literature review and regional data, conducting an expert survey to weight them, and creating a social well-being index. A spatial analysis was then used to calculate the index for each region. Results. The social well-being index shows significant disparities across regions. Astana, Almaty, and Atyrau demonstrate strong social welfare, driven by economic growth and advanced social infrastructure. In contrast, Karaganda, Pavlodar, and Shymkent show lower social welfare, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and investments. Conclusion. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers to design strategies for sustainable socioeconomic growth in Kazakhstan. The proposed index can help national and regional authorities monitor social well-being.

Distribution of the scutigeromorph centipede Thereuonema tuberculata (Wood, 1862) in Russia and Kazakhstan has been refined. This species is recorded for the first time from Kemerovskaya oblast, Altaiskii krai, Krasnodarskii krai and the Republic of Altai in Russia, as well as from Kazakhstan. Moreover, Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758) is excluded from the fauna list of the Asian part of Russia.

Two species of Sphecidae and 30 species of Crabronidae are listed as new records from the Zabaikalskii Krai. Of them, the genus Ammoplanops Gussakovskij, 1931 and species A. mongolicus Tsuneki, 1972, Belomicrus multifasciatus Tsuneki, 1972 are new records for Russia; Ammoplanus gegen Tsuneki, 1972, Cerceris manchuriana Tsuneki, 1961, C. manflava Tsuneki, 1971, Oxybelus latro Olivier, 1812, Tachysphex consocius Kohl, 1892, T. nitidus (Spinola, 1805) and T. panzeri (Vander Linden, 1829) are new records from Eastern Siberia. Currently 22 species in five genera of Sphecidae and 179 species in 42 genera of Crabronidae are known from the Zabaikalskii Krai, including Cerceris lacinia Tsuneki, 1961 and Pemphredon tridentata Gussakovskij, 1952, which are omitted in the last catalogue and should be added to the list of Russian fauna.

В китайских текстах V-XI вв. (хрониках, трактатах, энциклопедиях, сообщениях путешественников) встречаются неоднократные упоминания о мифических и действительно существовавших государствах, где из поколения в поколение правит женщина-царь (Nü guo «Царство женщин» или Nü-wang guo «Царство женщины-царя»). Цель данного исследования - локализация тех Царств женщин, которые располагались в Тибете или в непосредственной близости от него. В процессе определения былого местонахождения этих государственных образований решается вопрос о том, являются ли макротопонимы Nü guo и Nü-wang guo реальными или легендарными относительно рассматриваемых регионов. Проведенный автором анализ источников показал, что в хрониках речь идет о Царствах женщин по разные стороны Тибетского нагорья. В ходе работы по систематизации информации из различных научных сфер, включая обширный этнографический материал, было определено географическое положение Царства женщин в Восточном Тибете. Оно принадлежало культурному ареалу сино-тибетского пограничья. В этой области была широко распространена матрилинейная семья, состоявшая главным образом из женщин и их потомства. Местная архитектура наглядно демонстрирует связь с Царством женщин китайских средневековых документов. Другая возможная параллель с этим царством - это особая роль обезьян в культуре цянов, одного из этносов пограничья, сохранившего традиционные верования. Результаты исследования указывают на то, что топонимы Nü guo и Nü-wang guo применялись по отношению к реальному царству, включавшему территории в бассейнах рек Дадухэ и Ялунцзян на географической и цивилизационной границе Тибета и Китая.

This article explores a conceptual framework for understanding neural networks through the lens of the enactivist paradigm, a philosophical theory that posits that cognition arises from the dynamic interaction of an organism with its environment. We explore how neural networks, as complex adaptive systems, transcend their traditional role as computational machines and become active participants in their data-rich environment, evolving through continuous feedback and adaptation. Drawing parallels with biological systems, we argue that artificial neural networks exhibit what enactivists call “structural coupling” - symbiotic co-evolution with their information ecosystems. From this perspective, knowledge is not passively processed but actively constructed through repetitive interactions, each of which shapes the internal state of the system in a self-organizing manner similar to the sensorimotor activity of natural organisms. This approach goes beyond classical computational theories by emphasizing that machine cognition resembles human-like cognitive processes, an emergent form of “world creation.” Our analysis shows that these artificial entities have focal points, or internal observers, associated with patterns learned during training, suggesting that neural networks shape worldviews through active participation rather than passive observation. The paper reconceptualizes machine learning models as cognitive agents that bring new forms to our understanding of cognition and signals an epistemological shift in which knowledge itself is seen as participation and creation mediated by technologically complex but organically similar structures. This has important implications for both technical applications and theoretical debates in cognitive science, potentially changing the way we think about what cognition means in artificial and natural intelligence.